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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><i>The Dialectical Biologist</i></span>
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</style><table class="infobox ib-book vcard"><caption class="infobox-title">The Dialectical Biologist </caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of the first edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Authors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Richard_Levins" title="Richard Levins">Richard Levins</a><br><a href="Richard_Lewontin" title="Richard Lewontin">Richard Lewontin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1985</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print (<a href="Hardcover" title="Hardcover">Hardcover</a> and <a href="Paperback" title="Paperback">Paperback</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">336</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><bdi>978-0674202832</bdi></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><i><b>The Dialectical Biologist</b></i> is a 1985 book by the ecologist <a href="Richard_Levins" title="Richard Levins">Richard Levins</a> and the biologist <a href="Richard_Lewontin" title="Richard Lewontin">Richard Lewontin</a>, in which the authors sketch a <a href="Dialectical" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectical">dialectical</a> approach to <a href="Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They see "<a href="Dialectics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectics">dialectics</a>" more as a set of questions to ask about <a href="Biological_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological research">biological research</a>, a weapon against <a href="Dogmatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogmatism">dogmatism</a>, than as a set of pre-determined answers.
</p><p>They focus on the (dialectical) relationship between the "whole" (or totality) and the "parts." "Part makes whole, and whole makes part".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, a biological system of some kind consists of a collection of heterogeneous parts. All of these contribute to the character of the whole, as in reductionist thinking. On the other hand, the whole has a nature of its own and feeds back to affect and determine the nature of the parts. This back-and-forth (dialectic) of causation implies a dynamic process.
</p><p>For example, <a href="Darwinian_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwinian evolution">Darwinian evolution</a> points to the competition of a variety of species, each with heterogeneous members, within a given environment. This leads to changing species and even to new species arising. A dialectical biologist fully accepts this picture then looks for ways in which the competing creatures (which serve as the internal conflicts in the environment) lead to changes. The changes manifest in the creatures themselves, through the creatures embracing biological adaptations that provide them with advantages, and in the environment itself, as when the action of microbes encourages the erosion of rocks. Further, each species is part of the "environment" of all the others.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvard U.P. 1985 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-674-20281-3</bdi></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 272</span>
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